Cocoa content in a chocolate refers to the total percentage of the ingredients that come from the cocoa bean. This includes the cocoa liquor or cocoa mass made from grinding up cocoa nib, plus any added cocoa butter.
One of the most common misconceptions in chocolate is that 70% is a magic number, that somehow chocolate above 70% is magically better for you or that chocolates above 70% are automatically bitter. Despite what you’ve read or heard …
There is zero direct correlation between cocoa content and healthiness or bitterness or any other qualitative assessment of a chocolate.
Percentage cocoa content is a quantitative measure, so the only thing you know when you know the cocoa content of a chocolate is about how much sugar there is, and even then the correlation can be loose.
With a typical two- or three-ingredient dark chocolate bar (cocoa beans/mass/liquor, sugar, cocoa butter) the percentage will tell you how much sugar is in the chocolate. That’s all. Generally, chocolate makers don’t (and many small chocolate makers often can’t) disclose how much of the cocoa content of their chocolate is the non-fat solids – what we think of as cocoa powder – and what percentage is fat (cocoa butter). The only way to figure this out is if there is nutrition facts label. You have to take a look at the total number of calories from fat in a serving and the size of the serving to calculate the ratio. And it’s likely an approximation or average.
When you start adding in other ingredients – vanilla, lecithin, milk, etc. – the cocoa content all on its own reveals even less. In a 33% cocoa content milk chocolate, the other 67% is split (mostly) between sugar and milk. Again, you have to go to the nutrition label and take a look at the added sugars entry to calculate the sugar content, and even that’s an approximation because of the lactose (milk sugar) in the recipe.
A good way to think about cocoa content is to compare it with alcohol proof.
Which is better, an 80-proof vodka or an 86-proof vodka? The answer is there’s no way to know just from the number. The proof does not tell you anything about the quality of ingredients used or the care with which the vodka was made and it certainly doesn’t tell you anything about the taste of the vodka. All you really know is how much water there is. In an 80-proof vodka, 60% is water.
The only reason an 86-proof vodka is automatically better than an 80-proof vodka is if it’s the same price or less expensive and your sole reason for drinking is to get drunk.
Similarly, cocoa content tells you nothing about the variety used to make the chocolate, if the trees were healthy and the seeds were at their best when the pods were harvested, the care taken during fermentation and drying, and how the beans were roasted and the chocolate conched, to name just a few of the steps that go into determining the flavor of a finished chocolate.
Cocoa content tells you none of that. One really good example of how confusing this can be is Zotter’s 80/20 dark milk chocolate. It’s 80% cocoa content, but the 20% is milk – there is zero added sugar other than what’s in the milk. Plus, different sugars have different levels of sweetness so the same recipe made with different sugars will likely taste very differently. And some sweeteners, such as coconut blossom sugar, have distinctive flavor profiles of their own.
- There is no direct connection between cocoa percentage and bitterness. An 80% cocoa-content chocolate is not necessarily more bitter than one at 70%. Much depends on bean variety, fermentation, and roast level.
- There is no direct connection between cocoa percentage and healthiness. A 70% cocoa-content chocolate is not necessarily healthier than one at 60%. A lot hinges on bean variety, fermentation, and roast level. But it is necessary to factor the sweetener content and type into the equation.
- There is no direct connection between cocoa percentage and taste. Everything depends on bean variety, origin, fermentation and drying, roast level, type of sugar used, and the effects of other manufacturing steps. Changing of those parameters while keeping the percentage the same will result in a chocolate that tastes different. Often very different.
It’s funny — when people cringe at a high cocoa percentage, it’s probably because they just have an expectation of something sweet. They don’t have that expectation when they also like their coffee or tea black and unsweetened.
Oh — and yes, I meant “always” to mean the “modern” always. I think it was Montezuma who was said to have consumed some huge amount of hot chocolate, unsweetened, and dairy-free. My other half considers this more of a “tea”. At any rate, with all those theobromines every day, it’s a wonder he got any sleep. ;
As for the mis-quoting of Chef Torres. It is. The entire context of the quote is about dark milk if you watch the video. Most people won’t. The actual quote is closer to, “*Dark MILK* chocolate is a milk chocolate that contains over 50 percent cocoa contents and very little sugar.” I don’t that I would say very little sugar but certainly less sugar than a plain dark chocolate of the same percentage. I also have to disagree about the arbitrary percentage definition. Felchlin makes a very good 49% dark milk chocolate. As the legal definition in the EU for milk chocolate is 33%, I would say dark milks start at 35% at the very low end.
As for the Zotter 80/20 bar … I don’t know anyone else doing a dark milk with no added sugar, just added milk.
Re: Chef Torres, the CNBC comment about dark chocolate being a milk chocolate MUST be a misquote. He’s a smart guy and media misquotes are not impossible, especially by writers not very familiar with the subject. (I wonder if CNBC fact-checked with Chef Torres.)
Here’s where I might both agree and disagree with you: Chocolate has ALWAYS been a sugar-delivery vehicle, so I cannot say in earnest that it’s being “weaponized”, except that sugar is undergoing a demonization period similar to that which other calorie sources also have in the past ,rightfully (as in trans fats) or wrongfully (monounsaturated fats).
Less sugar is something I’d never argue with, and this is especially important for diabetics and others who are insulin-resistant. For the purposes of general weight management, replacing the added sugar with more cocoa and milk powder won’t change the calorie content, nor will replacing sugar with sugar alcohols like maltitol, erythritol, etc. All this is to say that, at least for the purposes of weight management and eating a healthful diet, dark chocolate can fit nicely.
So can nuts – which are healthy but also high in calories (ounce-for-ounce, they rival chocolate) but much more than an ounce or two of chocolate (or nuts), and I’d start to wonder what it’s replacing.
For the record: I’m also a huge (really huge) fan of the Zotter 80/20. I like the level of sweetness and the flavor notes that come from the milk powder. It would be good to do a whole side-by-side tasting of “sweetened only with milk powder” bars.
Here is the link to the article in question:
https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/30/jacques-torres-not-all-of-easter-dark-chocolate-is-created-equal.html
_You have to watch the video to see what he actually said, not what is quoted._
In the Code of Federal Regulations there is a section (CFR 21.163), where cocoa products, including various forms of chocolate, are defined. There is a definition for white chocolate. There is a definition for milk chocolate. Surprisingly, to many people, there is no definition for dark chocolate. What we think of when we use the term dark chocolate is covered by the definition for sweet chocolate (semi-sweet and bittersweet) and there is not even a formal distinction between those two, let alone guidance on what dark chocolate is.
As I write in the OP, the only thing cocoa content on its own conveys – when referring to a sweet [aka dark] chocolate – is about how much sugar a recipe contains, and even then it’s only an approximation in most cases. In fact, a dark [sic] chocolate is likely to have more sugar in it than a milk chocolate of the same percentage because, in a milk chocolate, milk replaces sugar and lactose is less sweet than sucrose.
@Keith_Ayoob – Chef Torres is right about paying close attention to the refined sugar content of a chocolate.
The fact that there are healthy chemicals in chocolate is a bonus, but what I think we need to be more concerned about chocolate’s weaponization as a refined sugar delivery vehicle.
Note: My current favorite dark milk chocolate is the Zotter 80/20 bar. It’s 80% cocoa and 20% milk. No added sugar and any sweetness comes from the lactose in the milk.
There is another issue which is the origin of the cocoa butter. If you are making a chocolate from Peruvian beans and the cocoa butter is from West African beans you are not making a true single-origin chocolate.
Finally, cocoa butter is expensive so its use is never a way to reduce costs. If you wanted to reduce costs you’d use lecithin to reduce viscosity, not cocoa butter.
This may become more obvious in a 100% bar – still you don’t know how much cocoa butter added (for the record, I don’t mind one way or another – if I like the taste of the bar). A 100% bar that’s all cocoa mass and no butter may have a different mouth feel than one that includes cocoa butter.
I do wonder, sometimes, if adding more cocoa butter is the maker’s way of simply making the cocoa mass go farther, but I want to give the benefit of the doubt, too. It’s probably hard enough for many of them to make ends meet.